TY - JOUR
T1 - 4-D Echo-Particle Image Velocimetry in a Left Ventricular Phantom
AU - Voorneveld, Jason
AU - Saaid, Hicham
AU - Schinkel, Christiaan
AU - Radeljic, Nikola
AU - Lippe, Boris
AU - Gijsen, Frank J.H.
AU - van der Steen, Antonius F.W.
AU - de Jong, Nico
AU - Claessens, Tom
AU - Vos, Hendrik J.
AU - Kenjeres, Sasa
AU - Bosch, Johan G.
PY - 2020
Y1 - 2020
N2 - Left ventricular (LV) blood flow is an inherently complex time-varying 3-D phenomenon, where 2-D quantification often ignores the effect of out-of-plane motion. In this study, we describe high frame rate 4-D echocardiographic particle image velocimetry (echo-PIV) using a prototype matrix transesophageal transducer and a dynamic LV phantom for testing the accuracy of echo-PIV in the presence of complex flow patterns. Optical time-resolved tomographic PIV (tomo-PIV) was used as a reference standard for comparison. Echo-PIV and tomo-PIV agreed on the general profile of the LV flow patterns, but echo-PIV smoothed out the smaller flow structures. Echo-PIV also underestimated the flow rates at greater imaging depths, where the PIV kernel size and transducer point spread function were large relative to the velocity gradients. We demonstrate that 4-D echo-PIV could be performed in just four heart cycles, which would require only a short breath-hold, providing promising results. However, methods for resolving high velocity gradients in regions of poor spatial resolution are required before clinical translation.
AB - Left ventricular (LV) blood flow is an inherently complex time-varying 3-D phenomenon, where 2-D quantification often ignores the effect of out-of-plane motion. In this study, we describe high frame rate 4-D echocardiographic particle image velocimetry (echo-PIV) using a prototype matrix transesophageal transducer and a dynamic LV phantom for testing the accuracy of echo-PIV in the presence of complex flow patterns. Optical time-resolved tomographic PIV (tomo-PIV) was used as a reference standard for comparison. Echo-PIV and tomo-PIV agreed on the general profile of the LV flow patterns, but echo-PIV smoothed out the smaller flow structures. Echo-PIV also underestimated the flow rates at greater imaging depths, where the PIV kernel size and transducer point spread function were large relative to the velocity gradients. We demonstrate that 4-D echo-PIV could be performed in just four heart cycles, which would require only a short breath-hold, providing promising results. However, methods for resolving high velocity gradients in regions of poor spatial resolution are required before clinical translation.
KW - 4-D echo-PIV
KW - 4-D ultrasound
KW - Echo particle image velocimetry
KW - High frame rate ultrasound
KW - Left ventricle
KW - Tomographic PIV
KW - Ultrafast ultrasound
KW - Ultrasound image velocimetry
KW - Vector flow imaging
KW - Volumetric flow
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85077649649&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2019.11.020
DO - 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2019.11.020
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85077649649
SN - 0301-5629
VL - 46
SP - 805
EP - 817
JO - Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology
JF - Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology
IS - 3
ER -