Conclusions: How can responsible innovation be defined and how to do it?

Large technological systems such as sluices and seaports in our water system and nuclear power systems, wind turbines and shale gas exploitation technologies in our energy system provide vital societal functions. For such large technological systems in society, the innovation process itself can also impact many stakeholder groups. Responsibility refers to a range of aspects: privacy of individuals, security, respect, a fair division of wealth, sustainability and so on. Some of these aspects conflict with each other: maximum security against terrorism, for example, can only be created at the expense of privacy. Before decision-making starts and responsible innovation processes are initiated, a comprehensive set of basic information is required. The economic way to balance values is to weigh costs versus benefits. For large technological systems in society it is important to represent all stakeholders and explore the costs and benefits that they experience from the system.