TY - JOUR
T1 - Determination of early warning signs for photocatalytic degradation of titanium white oil paints by means of surface analysis
AU - van Driel, B. A.
AU - Wezendonk, T. A.
AU - van den Berg, K. J.
AU - Kooyman, P. J.
AU - Gascon, J.
AU - Dik, J.
N1 - Accepted Author Manuscript
PY - 2017
Y1 - 2017
N2 - Titanium white (TiO2) has been widely used as a pigment in the 20th century. However, its most photocatalytic form (anatase) can cause severe degradation of the oil paint in which it is contained. UV light initiates TiO2-photocatalyzed processes in the paint film, degrading the oil binder into volatile components resulting in chalking of the paint. This will eventually lead to severe changes in the appearance of a painting. To date, limited examples of degraded works of art containing titanium white are known due to the relatively short existence of the paintings in question and the slow progress of the degradation process. However, UV light will inevitably cause degradation of paint in works of art containing photocatalytic titanium white.In this work, a method to detect early warning signs of photocatalytic degradation of unvarnished oil paint is proposed, using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Consequently, a four-stage degradation model was developed through in-depth study of TiO2-containing paint films in various stages of degradation. The XPS surface analysis proved very valuable for detecting early warning signs of paint degradation, whereas the AFM results provide additional confirmation and are in good agreement with bulk gloss reduction.
AB - Titanium white (TiO2) has been widely used as a pigment in the 20th century. However, its most photocatalytic form (anatase) can cause severe degradation of the oil paint in which it is contained. UV light initiates TiO2-photocatalyzed processes in the paint film, degrading the oil binder into volatile components resulting in chalking of the paint. This will eventually lead to severe changes in the appearance of a painting. To date, limited examples of degraded works of art containing titanium white are known due to the relatively short existence of the paintings in question and the slow progress of the degradation process. However, UV light will inevitably cause degradation of paint in works of art containing photocatalytic titanium white.In this work, a method to detect early warning signs of photocatalytic degradation of unvarnished oil paint is proposed, using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Consequently, a four-stage degradation model was developed through in-depth study of TiO2-containing paint films in various stages of degradation. The XPS surface analysis proved very valuable for detecting early warning signs of paint degradation, whereas the AFM results provide additional confirmation and are in good agreement with bulk gloss reduction.
KW - Atomic force microscopy
KW - Degradation
KW - Oil paint
KW - Photocatalysis
KW - Titanium dioxide white
KW - X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84975745956&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:8290cac7-9662-4235-9be9-397dc5667156
U2 - 10.1016/j.saa.2016.04.026
DO - 10.1016/j.saa.2016.04.026
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:84975745956
SN - 1386-1425
VL - 172
SP - 100
EP - 108
JO - Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy
JF - Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy
ER -