TY - JOUR
T1 - Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram for pedestrian networks
T2 - Theory and applications
AU - Hoogendoorn, Serge P.
AU - Daamen, Winnie
AU - Knoop, Victor L.
AU - Steenbakkers, Jeroen
AU - Sarvi, Majid
PY - 2017
Y1 - 2017
N2 - The Macroscopic Fundamental diagram (MFD) has proven to be a powerful concept in understanding and managing vehicular network dynamics, both from a theoretical angle and from a more application-oriented perspective. In this contribution, we explore the existence and the characteristics of the pedestrian Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram (p-MFD). From a theoretical perspective, the main contribution of this research shows how we can derive the p-MFD from assumed local fundamental diagrams (FDs). We show that we can relate the average (out-) flow from a pedestrian network as a function of the average spatial density ρ and the density spatial variation σ2. We show that the latter is essential to provide a reasonable description of the overall network conditions. For simple linear relations between density and speed, we derive analytical results; for more commonly used FDs in pedestrian flow theory we show the resulting relation using a straightforward simulation approach. As a secondary contribution of the paper, we show how the p-MFD can be constructed from pedestrian trajectory data stemming from either microsimulation or from experimental studies. The results found are in line with the theoretical result, providing further evidence for the validity of the p-MFD concept. We furthermore discuss concepts of hysteresis, due to the differences in the queue build up and recuperation phases. We end with applications of the presented concepts, e.g. in crowd management.
AB - The Macroscopic Fundamental diagram (MFD) has proven to be a powerful concept in understanding and managing vehicular network dynamics, both from a theoretical angle and from a more application-oriented perspective. In this contribution, we explore the existence and the characteristics of the pedestrian Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram (p-MFD). From a theoretical perspective, the main contribution of this research shows how we can derive the p-MFD from assumed local fundamental diagrams (FDs). We show that we can relate the average (out-) flow from a pedestrian network as a function of the average spatial density ρ and the density spatial variation σ2. We show that the latter is essential to provide a reasonable description of the overall network conditions. For simple linear relations between density and speed, we derive analytical results; for more commonly used FDs in pedestrian flow theory we show the resulting relation using a straightforward simulation approach. As a secondary contribution of the paper, we show how the p-MFD can be constructed from pedestrian trajectory data stemming from either microsimulation or from experimental studies. The results found are in line with the theoretical result, providing further evidence for the validity of the p-MFD concept. We furthermore discuss concepts of hysteresis, due to the differences in the queue build up and recuperation phases. We end with applications of the presented concepts, e.g. in crowd management.
KW - Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram
KW - pedestrian networks
KW - spatial variation of density
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85020515215&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:fd744229-c3e7-4fa1-b1e2-f38a62b7372d
U2 - 10.1016/j.trpro.2017.05.027
DO - 10.1016/j.trpro.2017.05.027
M3 - Conference article
AN - SCOPUS:85020515215
SN - 2352-1457
VL - 23
SP - 480
EP - 496
JO - Transportation Research Procedia
JF - Transportation Research Procedia
ER -