TY - JOUR
T1 - The Tynode
T2 - A new vacuum electron multiplier
AU - van der Graaf, Harry
AU - Akhtar, Hassan
AU - Budko, Neil
AU - Chan, Hong Wah
AU - Hagen, Cornelis W.
AU - Hansson, Conny C.T.
AU - Nützel, Gert
AU - Pinto, Sergio D.
AU - Prodanović, Violeta
AU - Raftari, Behrouz
AU - Sarro, Pasqualina M.
AU - Sinsheimer, John
AU - Smedley, John
AU - Tao, Shuxia
AU - Theulings, Anne M.M.G.
AU - Vuik, Kees
PY - 2017
Y1 - 2017
N2 - By placing, in vacuum, a stack of transmission dynodes (tynodes) on top of a CMOS pixel chip, a single free electron detector could be made with outstanding performance in terms of spatial and time resolution. The essential object is the tynode: an ultra thin membrane, which emits, at the impact of an energetic electron on one side, a multiple of electrons at the other side. The electron yields of tynodes have been calculated by means of GEANT-4 Monte Carlo simulations, applying special low-energy extensions. The results are in line with another simulation based on a continuous charge-diffusion model. By means of Micro Electro Mechanical System (MEMS) technology, tynodes and test samples have been realized. The secondary electron yield of several samples has been measured in three different setups. Finally, several possibilities to improve the yield are presented.
AB - By placing, in vacuum, a stack of transmission dynodes (tynodes) on top of a CMOS pixel chip, a single free electron detector could be made with outstanding performance in terms of spatial and time resolution. The essential object is the tynode: an ultra thin membrane, which emits, at the impact of an energetic electron on one side, a multiple of electrons at the other side. The electron yields of tynodes have been calculated by means of GEANT-4 Monte Carlo simulations, applying special low-energy extensions. The results are in line with another simulation based on a continuous charge-diffusion model. By means of Micro Electro Mechanical System (MEMS) technology, tynodes and test samples have been realized. The secondary electron yield of several samples has been measured in three different setups. Finally, several possibilities to improve the yield are presented.
KW - (Negative) Electron affinity
KW - Cesiation
KW - Dynode
KW - Imaging
KW - Photomultiplier
KW - Pixel
KW - Planacon
KW - Secondary electron yield
KW - Surface termination
KW - Transmission dynode
KW - Trynode
KW - Tynode
KW - Work function
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85007410390&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.nima.2016.11.064
DO - 10.1016/j.nima.2016.11.064
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85007410390
SN - 0168-9002
VL - 847
SP - 148
EP - 161
JO - Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research. Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors, and Associated Equipment
JF - Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research. Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors, and Associated Equipment
ER -